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Fermentation media are carefully designed environments in which microorganisms need a balanced supply of nutrients to grow, reproduce, and direct their metabolism toward a desired product. Carbon is often the primary energy source considered in medium formulation, but it is only one part of the nutritional system. Nitrogen and phosphorus […]

Trace minerals are used in small quantities in animal diets, but their nutritional importance should not be underestimated. Copper, for example, participates in numerous physiological and metabolic processes and is an important mineral in livestock and poultry nutrition. For feed manufacturers, however, the challenge is not simply deciding how much […]